The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material and directs cell functions. It is essential for regulating the activities within the cell.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy. It occurs in the chloroplasts with the help of chlorophyll.

Kingdom is one of the highest levels of classification in biology. It groups organisms based on broad similarities and serves as the most inclusive category.

The heart is the central organ that pumps blood, distributing oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. Its rhythmic contractions maintain life by enabling circulation.

An ecosystem consists of a community of living organisms and their interactions with the physical environment. It highlights the interdependence among biotic and abiotic factors.

Mitochondria produce ATP, the energy currency essential for cell functioning. Their role in energy production makes them vital for cellular activities.

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to oxidize glucose, producing a significant amount of ATP. This process primarily occurs in the mitochondria and is essential for energy production.

In anaphase, sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite poles of the cell. This separation is critical for ensuring that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.

Chlorophyll is the key pigment located in chloroplasts that absorbs sunlight. It initiates the conversion of light energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis.

Proteins are constructed from long chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. These amino acids serve as the fundamental units that determine protein structure and function.

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, contains the genetic blueprint for most living organisms. It encodes the instructions necessary for cellular development and function.

Ribosomes are responsible for synthesizing proteins by translating messenger RNA. They ensure that amino acids are assembled in the correct order during protein formation.

Natural selection is an evolutionary mechanism where organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. This process leads to gradual genetic changes and adaptation over generations.

A genotype is the complete set of genes an organism possesses. It serves as the blueprint that influences the organism's traits and characteristics.

Crossing over during meiosis is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. This recombination increases genetic diversity among offspring.

The Calvin Cycle occurs in the chloroplasts and converts carbon dioxide into sugars using energy from light. This process is crucial for synthesizing organic molecules in photosynthetic organisms.

Enzymes lower the activation energy of chemical reactions, allowing them to occur more rapidly. They are not consumed during these reactions, making them reusable catalysts in metabolic processes.

Phospholipids are amphipathic, meaning they have both water-attracting (hydrophilic) heads and water-repelling (hydrophobic) tails. This dual nature enables them to form a bilayer that serves as the fundamental structure of cell membranes.

A keystone species plays a critical role in maintaining the structure and balance of an ecosystem. Its presence or absence has significant impacts, often affecting many other species in the community.

The double helix structure of DNA facilitates the separation of strands during replication, making the copying process efficient. Additionally, it supports proofreading and error correction mechanisms that help maintain genetic integrity.