Kinetic energy is the energy an object has due to its motion, making a moving ball a perfect example. The other options represent forms of stored energy or objects at rest.

The law of conservation of energy states that energy is neither created nor destroyed, but merely changes from one form to another. This principle is fundamental in both physics and chemistry.

Melting ice is a physical change where the state changes from solid to liquid without altering the substance's chemical identity. The other options involve chemical changes.

Energy is measured in joules, which is the standard SI unit for energy. The other units are used to measure distance, time, and mass respectively.

Evaporation is the process of a liquid transforming into a gas, typically occurring at temperatures below the boiling point. The other options describe different phase changes.

Potential energy is the stored energy an object has because of its position or its configuration. It can be converted into other forms of energy, such as kinetic energy, during motion or a change in configuration.

Heat transfer in solids like a metal rod occurs primarily through conduction, which involves the transfer of thermal energy via direct contact between adjacent particles. Convection and radiation are more common in fluids and electromagnetic energy transfer, respectively.

Endothermic reactions absorb heat from the surroundings, causing a decrease in the immediate temperature. In contrast, exothermic reactions release heat.

The observation that the mass of the reactants equals the mass of the products in a reaction supports the conservation of mass. This principle states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

During a phase change, the energy supplied is used to overcome intermolecular attractions rather than increasing the temperature. This is why the temperature remains constant until the phase change is complete.

Freezing water is an exothermic process because it releases heat as water molecules form a more ordered crystal lattice. The other processes involve either the absorption of heat or a continuous input of energy.

Radiation is the process by which energy is transmitted through electromagnetic waves and does not require a physical medium. In contrast, conduction and convection require matter to transfer heat.

Gravitational potential energy is at its maximum when the pendulum is at its highest point relative to the ground. At this position, the object has the greatest height, and therefore, the most stored potential energy.

According to the first law of thermodynamics, when heat is added to a system without any work being done, the system's internal energy increases. This demonstrates the direct relationship between heat input and energy gain.

A ball at the top of a hill initially possesses gravitational potential energy that converts into kinetic energy as it rolls down. This clear transformation from stored energy to energy of motion is not evident in the other scenarios.

In chemical reactions, even though energy is released or absorbed, the changes in mass are imperceptibly small according to the mass-energy equivalence principle. Thus, in typical chemical processes, mass remains effectively conserved.

Activation energy is the minimum energy barrier that must be overcome for reactants to transform into products. If the activation energy is not met, the reaction rate remains very slow or may not occur at all.

Evaporation is an endothermic process, meaning that water absorbs heat from its surroundings to change from liquid to gas. This absorption of heat results in a cooling effect on the wet surface.

Joule's Law states that the heat produced in a resistor is proportional to the square of the current, the resistance, and the time for which the current flows. This law directly relates electrical energy conversion into thermal energy.

The triple point is a specific condition where solid, liquid, and gaseous phases of a substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium. It is a critical concept in phase diagrams and illustrates a unique balance of temperature and pressure.