Biomass energy is derived from organic materials such as wood, agricultural residues, and other biological sources. It is renewable and can be converted to heat, electricity, or fuel.

Geothermal energy utilizes the Earth's internal heat. This heat can be harnessed for heating and power generation.

Wood pellets are produced from compressed wood fibers and serve as a widely used biomass fuel. They are renewable and help reduce waste.

Geothermal power plants convert the Earth's heat into electricity through steam turbines. This process utilises naturally occurring steam or hot water.

Biomass energy is renewable as it depends on organic materials that can be replenished through natural processes. Sustainable management practices ensure its regeneration.

Fermentation breaks down organic matter to produce bioethanol, a common liquid biofuel. It is a biochemical process that involves the action of microorganisms.

Geothermal energy emits minimal greenhouse gases compared to fossil fuel combustion. This environmentally friendly aspect makes it a cleaner energy alternative.

Ensuring a consistent supply of biomass feedstock is critical for sustainable energy production. This challenge involves managing land use and resource availability.

Direct use of geothermal energy includes applications like space heating, greenhouse heating, and aquaculture. It utilizes low-temperature heat efficiently.

Co-firing involves using biomass together with coal in power plants to lower greenhouse gas emissions. It helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels while optimizing energy production.

Binary cycle geothermal plants employ organic fluids such as isobutane due to their suitable thermodynamic properties at lower temperatures. This allows the fluid to vaporize and drive turbines efficiently.

Microorganisms are critical in the fermentation process that converts organic material into biofuels. They break down complex organic compounds into simpler molecules like ethanol.

Enhanced geothermal systems involve stimulating rock formations hydraulically to create artificial reservoirs in areas with insufficient natural permeability. This method expands the potential for geothermal energy extraction.

Waste-to-energy conversion transforms organic waste into renewable energy, reducing landfill accumulation. This process not only manages waste but also generates power or heat.

Torrefaction is a thermal treatment that heats biomass in the absence of oxygen, removing moisture and volatiles. This process enhances the fuel quality and density of the biomass.

The efficiency of a geothermal power plant largely depends on the temperature gradient that drives the thermodynamic cycle. A higher temperature difference allows for improved energy conversion.

Geothermal energy depends on areas with high geothermal gradients, which are not found uniformly across the world. Regions near tectonic boundaries typically offer greater geothermal potential.

Sustainable biomass energy requires that the rate at which biomass is consumed does not exceed its natural or managed regrowth rate. This balance ensures the long-term renewability of the resource.

Enhanced geothermal systems use hydraulic stimulation to improve rock permeability, which can sometimes trigger minor earthquakes. Managing induced seismicity is essential when developing these systems.

Biomass co-generation, also known as combined heat and power, captures both the electricity and the useful heat produced during fuel conversion. This dual utilization maximizes energy output and improves overall system efficiency.