The demographic transition model describes how countries shift from high fertility and mortality to low fertility and mortality as they develop. This change is typically associated with industrialization and improvements in healthcare.

The cultural landscape reflects the modifications made by people to their environment, including buildings, land use changes, and other man-made features. It is a key concept in human geography that distinguishes human influence from the natural environment.

A nation-state is characterized by the overlap of political borders with a culturally homogeneous population. This alignment creates a shared sense of identity among its citizens.

Urbanization is defined as the increasing concentration of populations in cities due primarily to migration from rural areas. It is a key aspect of modern economic and social development.

Globalization refers to the increasing interconnection and interdependence of countries, particularly in terms of economic, political, and cultural exchanges. This phenomenon has reshaped societies around the world, creating more integrated global networks.

Diffusion in human geography refers to the spread of cultural elements, innovations, or ideas from one location to another. The gradual adoption of new technologies across regions exemplifies this process.

Cultural lag occurs when nonmaterial culture (values, norms, etc.) takes time to catch up with changes in material culture (technology, inventions, etc.). This delay can lead to a period of adjustment and social strain.

Boundary ambiguity refers to the lack of clarity or disputes over the precise demarcation of political borders. Such uncertainties can often lead to conflicts and misunderstandings between neighboring regions or countries.

A primate city is the largest city in a country or region and overwhelmingly dominates in terms of economic, political, and cultural influence. This deviation from a balanced urban hierarchy is a central topic in urban geography.

Age structure is essential in depicting the distribution of various age groups within a population. It is a fundamental demographic tool used in planning and forecasting societal needs.

Hierarchical diffusion involves the spread of ideas from larger or more influential places to smaller or less connected regions. It reflects the role of social hierarchies in the dispersal of cultural phenomena.

The Von Thünen model illustrates how different types of agriculture are arranged in concentric zones around a central market. It highlights the interplay between transportation costs and agricultural profitability.

A cultural region is characterized by shared practices, language, and traditions among its residents. This concept helps geographers understand how cultural boundaries shape spatial regions.

A nation is typically defined by a shared cultural identity, including common language, history, and traditions. This shared identity often forms the basis for national cohesion and political organization.

The term 'source' is used to denote the origin from where a phenomenon or innovation begins to diffuse. Understanding the source is crucial for tracing the spread and influence of that phenomenon.

The Spatial Interaction Model integrates concepts like distance decay and intervening opportunities to analyze and predict migration patterns. It provides a framework for understanding how various spatial factors influence human movement.

The Core-Periphery Model illustrates how economic power is concentrated in a central, dominant region while peripheral areas remain less developed. This model explains patterns of spatial inequality and regional dependence.

Cultural diffusion and assimilation bring diverse groups together, fostering a mix of traditions and practices within urban areas. This results in dynamic and multifaceted urban landscapes that both blend and sometimes clash over cultural norms.

A global city is one that plays a significant role in the global economic system, often hosting multinational corporations, major financial institutions, and cultural institutions. Its influence extends beyond national borders, making it a hub for international connections.

Sense of place involves personal, emotional connections and meanings attributed to a location, whereas place identity refers to the collective characteristics that define an area's uniqueness. Both are important in understanding how people relate to their environment.