Map projection is the method of representing the curved surface of the earth in a flat plane. This process inevitably introduces some distortion, making trade-offs between shape, distance, and area.

Absolute location pinpoints a specific place using coordinates like latitude and longitude. It offers a precise method of locating a place compared to relative location, which describes its position based on other landmarks.

Human geography focuses on human activities and their spatial distributions on the earth. It examines how cultural, economic, and political practices shape the world.

Globalization refers to the process of increased interconnectivity among nations through trade, communication, and cultural exchange. It plays a significant role in shaping modern economic and cultural landscapes.

Large-scale maps cover smaller areas with greater detail, making them ideal for city planning and navigation. They provide a closer view which highlights minor features of the area.

Relative location describes where a place is in relation to surrounding features or places. It differs from absolute location by focusing on spatial relationships rather than exact coordinates.

The Concentric Zone Model divides a city into rings radiating from a central business district. Each ring represents a different type of urban land use, reflecting historical patterns of urban growth.

Demic diffusion refers to the spread of cultural elements when people migrate and carry their cultural traits with them. This stands in contrast to other forms of diffusion that do not involve large-scale population movement.

Push factors drive people to leave their current location, often due to issues like economic hardship, conflict, or environmental problems. Economic hardship is one of the most common push factors influencing migration.

Centrifugal forces are those that can lead to division within a state, often stemming from ethnic, linguistic, or cultural differences. Such forces may undermine national unity and contribute to regional disparities.

Cultural landscape refers to the visible imprint of human activity on an area, such as buildings, roads, and land use changes. It reflects the cultural and economic practices of the people who inhabit the area.

Natural boundaries use physical features such as rivers, mountains, or oceans to separate areas. They tend to be more concrete and less disputed compared to boundaries defined by human decisions.

A cultural region is identified by common cultural characteristics that may transcend political boundaries. This concept highlights the diffusion and adaptation of cultural practices across different areas.

Central Place Theory posits that settlements function as central places providing services to surrounding areas. The theory considers factors like settlement size and spatial distribution to explain how services are hierarchically arranged.

A primate city stands out due to its size and influence relative to other cities in the country. It often serves as a major center for economic, political, and cultural activities, overshadowing smaller urban settlements.

Time-space compression is a concept that suggests technological advances have effectively reduced the distances between locations. This enables a more rapid exchange of ideas, people, and goods across the globe, which is a hallmark of globalization.

The demographic transition model explains how a country transitions from high fertility and mortality rates to lower rates as it develops economically. It is a fundamental tool in understanding population changes over time in relation to industrialization.

Hierarchical diffusion occurs when ideas or innovations spread from major urban centers to smaller towns or rural areas. This pattern reflects the influence of central hubs in setting trends and disseminating new concepts.

Mercantilism was an economic strategy that emphasized state regulation of the economy to benefit national wealth accumulation. It involved controlling trade to maximize exports while minimizing imports, influencing colonial policies.

The Multiple Nuclei Model posits that modern urban areas develop with multiple centers that specialize in different functions, rather than radiating uniformly from one central core. This model better represents the complex economic and social structures found in contemporary cities.